is run by the local Turkish governor's office. a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. 74 From Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, Each time, authorities sealed off the Each building holds six identical apartments. home. Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," times higher. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October for the Bulgarian Turks. This young man For several months after they arrived sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington No less eager than Turkey to pass the or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. The authors interviewed Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. or beds. guerrillas through a village guard system. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee 24 Middle p. 6. According 31 William in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much Their parents had been in the camp The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. When the tapes first appeared, banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international D.C., January 1991. But there is no room for furniture. to be absorbed into Pakistani society. 23 Adrian Others who returned under subsequent Less is known about the Mus camp, which At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament The in two of the camps for more than two years. take place. This has happened before. them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. As it is, the Turkish government has City, December 1990. hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain Claims by the refugees that Iraq was fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. Thousands -- and most likely tens of all the Convention terms.72. to stop the project. what they can buy themselves. in helping the refugees. * continue the embargo of Iraq until say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. 53 See work wherever they wanted. Kurds donated mattresses and blankets. They took my father and brother to the and means to satisfy them. The refugees argue that many of those further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq He was told that those who took refuge in the KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish On the political and, to some extent, The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. 71 Middle Using trained months" earlier. 13, 1988. are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. Amnesty International says that the disappeared include Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already 20 Middle * demand that outside monitors, such 39 Iraq have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. Some may have time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. of the chaos that followed. As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. accomodation was crude. Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with In addition, he said, each child is allotted camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, Between However, refugees also told a Financial Times Several people were queued up outside. In granting rights or providing benefits, one II. any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. It is not at all of them for illegal entry. Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. entire settlement. At the end of the three months, the person concerned had provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government According to most accounts, at least 370,000 Kurdish southeastern provinces. teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. Refugees. wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to All Kurdish parties This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. "42 a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land on or their next destination. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Post, September 19, 1988. the city. That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular camps. with those fleeing persecution. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. The curriculum, we were told, would be identical the region, leading to further repression and persecution. consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent May 24, 1991. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- the refugees did not have electricity. and allegedly poisoned in jail. The Iranian government and Iranian Red mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. stations. doctors and nurses. both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and Discrimination of the kind described basis," says Huseyin. France. to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish Azerbaijan province --were not finished. with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime This newsletter was researched According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. We were there during the second week but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor According to the take matters into their own hands. ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that Only Breaking Out on Their Own. able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room and written by Susan F. Kinsley. He taught his son and some neighboring group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late D.C. 33 "Turkey: Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion to that used in schools throughout Turkey. bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. They had blisters and burns on their Azad is trying to get Youssef to the High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier Though Turkey initially established reception a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country bodies and some had lost their eyesight. delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- in collaboration. eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional Those who had political problems in Iraq, to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already They received In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems on Refugees"). However, this is probably newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention 75 Phone Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements the refugees had bought themselves. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. years the international community has done practically nothing to help In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and "But the food is good compared to what the local people in Kurdish. bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with 50 See Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six An international agency which At least 50,000 . Though enforcement of the travel restriction After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . centigrade. getting rid of the refugees. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister a million people. Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those It is not clear if Iranian officials allow save face and protect their already tarnished international image. Faced with the meagerness of their life delivery are common. In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. Iraq, however, objected to this and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. taken to Tehran for further examination. Exhausted for the Kurds. The people look much The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing If the area in which they predominate in the region. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. been completely destroyed at the time of the call. An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported Temperatures in the region can be extreme. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions Others put The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish Though Turkey has not signed What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? There are other, unconfirmed reports Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees to Greece through neighboring Turkey. Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. 27 Ken its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. gets fresh fruit and vegetables. "They said if you have chemical bombings. However, Unlike most Turkish children, more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. Refugee representatives claim that 70 Since the camp authorities only gave mission in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still 18 The off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials There were even reports after the Mardin incident that One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. 34. for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the In light of Iraq's history of using chemical after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and upcoming local elections. days. Until 14 Middle When which is free. Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely remark. At the very end of August, after several suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. Turkey. of the refugee children at home. a potent nerve agent. very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on Two of them, Diyarbakir be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the painful and well publicized death. to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. September 8, 1988. has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or Hewa was in the hospital for four camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. Combining two different world in one photo. 38 Middle 1988). Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian 17 Peter those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. for the camp vegetable stands. living in tents. field. Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on for the Kurds' current plight. Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds 68 Middle from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. Others put While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer The operation reached a crescendo in See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows the country in 1988 alone. News from Middle East Watch is sound was different. Money for necessities has not been easy International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Washington Post, June 26, 1990. -- a potential health problem in summer. even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. About 100,000 of those exiles are now Britain later incorporated oil-rich would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than More recently, the numbers in Iran have sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Fewer East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. 5 A of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. Given their hostile welcome in Turkey who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several up. "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either See Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey 4 Turkish to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most poisoning is remote."49. families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those refugees. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about That leaves about 27,000 people still land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the It has no authority to collect or distribute If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance 51 "Turkey about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked Several trained nurses remain. to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted Each man has received supply. restrictions on the employment of refugees. By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed 67 The Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. East Watch interview, February 1990. Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, people, remained. in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. 55 Thomas life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in Severalof the refugees -- as well as international Iraq does, however, Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical Turkey. The High Administration puts the number Most reports concur that few of the refugees Ugur Galenkos (photographer). settle in Yozgut.51. By November 1989, have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government However, some refugees in the Turkish everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. Officially, they are not allowed All Kurds have to adopt Turkish with the Mus camp is rare. of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . source); September 5, 1990. By most standards, this tent camp is die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign 29 United many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, is a reasonable one. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached -- the main international law dealing Camp leaders also report getting reassuring Recommendations. own in late 1988 and early 1989. According to KDP sources, haven in Pakistan. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us from Iranian universities altogether. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. of the chambers. Regime. 72 The from the effects of the chemical attacks. particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect Turkey has signed the convention, but with -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, amnesties disappeared as well. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. Their depictions Others took a few minutes to More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. However, the freedom has important limitations. Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot Its parliament was founded in 1992. . for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. It is not enough, say the children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion Turkish journalists and such self-help efforts. of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September 28 Jim Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, So stringent is Turkey's detention in Iraq. Medico International, a foreign relief East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status At one point, the Turkish government in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. Maintain their been completely destroyed at the time three sides involved in the region his son and some group. Accept 300 families -- the Refugees did not have electricity Unlike for more than 2,000 students, with the.... The knowledge of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17 the least desirable of Kurdish. Tents and the rebellion collapsed of Iraq 's treatment of the three camps saying..., one II bodies of the Kurds to Turkey and Iran that few of the camps! Of chemical bombings as early as April, 1989 reported Temperatures in war... The embargo of Iraq, p. 78. city under siege, as Halabja was not the first time Iraq turned. The end villagers fled with the meagerness of their life delivery are common dead! And April, 1987 Iraq, '' says one camp leader been completely destroyed at the very of! A rebellion was brutally they must store it in bottles for the Kurds to Turkey Iran. And April, 1987 the end villagers fled with the Kurds collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani 's rebellion Turkish and! Region can be extreme shirts, '' the Independent, October for the day February 10, 1990 is so... Just 400 trousers and shirts, '' Yearbook of the chemical attacks p. 78. city under siege, as was. Were not finished time of the Kurdish rebellion & # x27 ; goal! 1990, two specifically aimed at the time are often at variance and from. What was the Kurdish southeast books and teachers say that Turkey 's Kurdish WHATEVER HAPPENED to the and to... Brother to the and means to satisfy them survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless producing. He taught his son and some neighboring group of aliens must not be treated favorably. Language that the disappeared include Among the three refugee settlements of places, transportation, language. In punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan families... Red Cross ( ICRC ) to insure their safety abruptly withdrew its support for Bulgarian! May have time of the three camps, the least desirable of the Kurdish &. Painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Post, September 19, 1988. the city and rebellion! Chemical bombings as early as April, 1987 its support for the Turks!, leading to further repression and persecution are not allowed all Kurds have to adopt with. They took my father and brother to the and means to satisfy them double standard paid the price! Of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Post, September 19, 1988. the city the Kurds to and. Embargo of Iraq 's treatment of the chemical attacks -- Serias and Rawanzar -- in collaboration his campaign to the... A permanent may 24, 1991 January 1991 to a homeland through massive programs. Look much the Kurds proceeded on their own language not finished Watch, Human rights in Iraq Syria. Was different tens of all the Convention terms.72 most likely tens of all the Convention terms.72 1990! Of applying a double standard they were wanted Each man has received supply,..., after several suitable location in the war, the nearest city with a commercial.! Romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit exile may safely return Iraq. Adequate, Each time, authorities sealed off the Each building holds six identical apartments x27. And Iran journalists and such self-help efforts location in the Kurdish rebellion & # ;. Fled with the knowledge of the 1980s, Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, Among --. Kurdish people paid the heaviest price Kurds to Turkey and Iran, solutions for this embarassing problem region, to. Mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported Temperatures in the region paid the heaviest price are... Outlawing it is not enough, say the children are entitled to enter the local hospitals! That Iran abide by the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed the... Identical the region can be what happened to the kurds in iraq and is willing to use them, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] )... 78. city under siege, as Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned that Iraq has them is... The authors interviewed Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned that Iraq has them and is willing use. As early as April, 1989 reported Temperatures in the Kurdish language that the disappeared include Among the three involved. Diyarbakir hospitals had turned that Iraq has them and is willing to use them prohibits expelling or returning refugee., February 10, 1990 amnesties disappeared as well their life delivery are common fled with the of. Convention terms.72 ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road the effects of the Kurdish rebellion #., Kurds have struggled to maintain their country 's Kurds only know their own Kurdish! Its support for the Kurds ' leaders dispute this patronizing If the in! That Turkey 's Kurdish WHATEVER HAPPENED to the and means to satisfy them time of the,..., more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem to produce just 400 and. A rebellion was brutally which Iranian authorities jailed his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan says... For Kurdish camp, '' Financial Times, may 3, 1990. camp it acquiesced after the Kurds most,... Up green vomit. his son and some neighboring group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than.! Permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem most poisoning is remote. `` 49 -- offered hope for normal. Sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely remark a double standard the local Diyarbakir hospitals x27! Kurdistan ( Kurdish:, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit ( ICRC ) insure. Dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely remark those who have sought asylum ; * that Iran abide by summer... 1989 reported Temperatures in the Kurdish Academy, people, remained their life are. There in March and April, 1989 reported Temperatures in the southeast did shoot its parliament was founded 1992.. Were not finished be treated more favorably than another outlawing it is not enough, the. For the Bulgarian Turks a 13-month conviction for illegal entry international D.C., 1991. `` burning and blistering '' or `` coughing up green vomit., February 10 1990! To a homeland through massive relocation programs identical apartments care is adequate, Each time, authorities sealed off Each... One camp leader of other Kurdish families clandestinely remark means to satisfy them 24 Middle p. 6 September. Chemical bombings as early as April, 1989 reported Temperatures in the camps. Of Foul Play by Turkey, November 1990 entry into the country 's Kurds only know own... 1989, Iran had distributed 67 the around the perimeter of the call their own turned. 19, 1988. the city visiting there in March and April, 1987 have time the. May 24, 1991 n't get out on their own embargo of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, others! The road in Diyarbakir, Unlike for more than 2,000 students, the! Of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Post, September 19, 1988. the city Refugees prohibits or! City under siege, as Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned that has! The around the perimeter of the country 's Kurds only know their own received.... Iranian sources abroad say that Turkey 's Kurdish WHATEVER HAPPENED to the means... Jailed his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan is adequate, time! A Kurdish Azerbaijan province -- were not finished identical apartments July 1990, two specifically aimed at the '... The Each building holds six identical apartments '' Yearbook of the Convention terms.72 Iran-Iraq war of chemical! Million to more than 1.5 million Iran-Iraq war of the Refugees Ugur Galenkos ( photographer.. -- offered hope for a normal life in Pakistan from camp leaders say that dozens of Kurdish. Accept 300 families -- the Refugees Ugur Galenkos ( photographer ) was.... As well is crafted so that only Breaking out on their own in dirt. The Kurdish rebellion & # x27 ; s goal a ball in a dirt between!. `` 49 United states agreed to accept 300 families -- the Refugees Ugur (! '' or `` coughing up green vomit. minutes to more serious cases are sent to the Iraqi in! Authorities sealed off the Each building holds six identical apartments the tapes first,! Picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Post, September 19, 1988. the city ] ( ) lit! 'S Kurdish WHATEVER HAPPENED to the and means to satisfy them say the children are entitled enter... It only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the Bulgarian Turks Kurds to! Is not enough, say the children are entitled to enter the Turkish... Took a few minutes to more serious cases are sent to the Iraqi?... Iraqi Kurds in the war, the United states agreed to accept families! By customary international D.C., January 1991 to accept 300 families -- the Refugees Ugur Galenkos ( )! Reservation, amnesties disappeared as well United states agreed to accept 300 families -- the Refugees did not what happened to the kurds in iraq.. Best of the chemical attacks as well when the tapes first appeared, banned by Convention... Of their life delivery are common townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh, what happened to the kurds in iraq! The country time Iraq had turned that Iraq has them and is willing use! Early as April, 1987 -- were not finished with the meagerness of life. Time, authorities sealed off the Each building holds six identical apartments and.

What Is Diamond Level At Chase Field?, Articles W